Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed organelles responsible for cellular energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, free-radical production, and the regulation of apoptosis. The number of mitochondria within a cell can vary from tens to several thousand, depending on the cell type and energy requirements.

Nanomaterials are engineered or naturally occurring nanoconstructions that have at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, significant changes in macroscopic performance have been observed, resulting in unique functionalities and excellent properties in a wide range of applications. The successful application of nanotechnology in the fields of fine ceramics, microelectronics, bioengineering, chemical engineering, and medicine, along with its broad application prospects, has made nanomaterials and related technology one of the hotspots in current scientific research.